2013年北京医院门诊老年患者华法林处方不合理用药分析

目的:了解北京医院(以下简称"我院")华法林的使用情况,探讨其用药合理性。方法:从我院信息系统中筛选出2013年门诊60岁及以上患者使用华法林的处方1 621张,对处方用药的合理性进行点评、分析。结果:1 621张处方中,需要关注的问题处方有840张,占51.82%。其中,处方中存在药物不良相互作用的问题最为突出;其次为联合用药不适宜、用法与用量不适宜等。结论:应加强华法林在临床的合理应用,以提高治疗效果,减少不良反应的发生。     

卡马西平相关性药疹文献分析

目的:探讨卡马西平致药疹的临床特点,为临床鉴别诊断提供参考。方法:检索2000—2013年国内医药期刊报道卡马西平相关性药疹的文献,查阅到相关文献49篇,共计55例患者。对患者因素和用药因素进行统计分析。结果:55例患者中,重症药疹患者47例,重症药疹发生率达85.45%;药疹合并症可累及多个器官和(或)系统,临床表现中,发热所占比例最高,为45例次,占总例次数(137例次)的32.85%;患者平均住院时间16.24 d,24 h内停药治疗有利于缩短住院时间,合并多器官功能严重损伤者可导致死亡。结论:临床医师应充分了解卡马西平不良反应的特征,做到早发现、早停药、早治疗。     

某院尿路感染病原菌分布及耐药性分析

目的研究尿路感染病原菌的分布及其耐药性,为临床使用抗菌药物提供依据。方法收集2011年1月至2014年6月尿培养阳性菌株,应用M icro Scan Walk Aw ay40细菌鉴定及药敏分析系统对分离菌进行鉴定及药敏测定,根据CLSI 2014版标准判断药敏结果,用WHONET 5.6软件进行数据分析。结果共分离出2 028株病原菌,革兰阴性杆菌占65.3%,革兰阳性球菌占22.1%,真菌占12.6%。革兰阴性杆菌对亚胺培南、美洛培南、哌拉西林/他唑巴坦、头孢哌酮/舒巴坦较敏感。屎肠球菌对所测试抗菌药物耐药率显著高于其他肠球菌,未发现耐万古霉素、利奈唑胺的革兰阳性球菌。结论尿路感染病原菌分布广泛,仍以革兰阴性杆菌为主,细菌耐药谱有较大差异,建议临床医生根据病原学监测资料有针对性地选择抗菌药物。     

Fat cell enlargement is an independent marker of insulin resistance and ‘hyperleptinaemia’

Aims/hypothesis The aim of this study was to explore whether fat cell size in human subcutaneous and omental adipose tissue is independently related to insulin action and adipokine levels. Materials and methods Fat cells were prepared from abdominal subcutaneous biopsies obtained from 49 type 2 diabetic and 83 non-diabetic subjects and from omental biopsies obtained from 37 non-diabetic subjects. Cell size and insulin action on glucose uptake capacity in vitro were assessed in isolated fat cells. Insulin sensitivity in vivo was assessed with euglycaemic-hyperinsulinaemic clamps. Fasting blood samples were collected and adipokines and NEFA were measured. Results Negative correlations were found between subcutaneous fat cell size and insulin sensitivity assessed as M-value during clamp and as insulin action on glucose uptake in fat cells in vitro. This was seen in non-diabetic subjects after including age, sex and BMI in the analyses. No such relationship was found in type 2 diabetic subjects. In both groups, subcutaneous fat cell size correlated positively and independently with plasma levels of leptin but not to any of the other assessed adipokines. In non-diabetic subjects, omental fat cell size was independently and negatively correlated with insulin action in subcutaneous, but not omental, fat cells in vitro. Conclusions/interpretation Fat cell enlargement is associated with insulin resistance in non-diabetic individuals independently of BMI. This was not seen in type 2 diabetic subjects, suggesting that after development of type 2 diabetes other factors, not related to fat cell size, become more important for the modulation of insulin resistance.     

Improved insulin sensitivity and adipose tissue dysregulation after short-term treatment with pioglitazone in non-diabetic, insulin-resistant subjects

Aims/hypothesis We examined whether short-term treatment with a thiazolidinedione improves insulin sensitivity in non-obese but insulin-resistant subjects and whether this is associated with an improvement in dysregulated adipose tissue (reduced expression of IRS-1, GLUT4, PPAR co-activator 1 and markers of terminal differentiation) that we have previously documented to be associated with insulin resistance.Methods Ten non-diabetic subjects, identified as having low IRS-1 and GLUT-4 protein in adipose cells as markers of insulin resistance, underwent 3 weeks of treatment with pioglitazone. The euglycaemic–hyperinsulinaemic clamp technique was used to measure insulin sensitivity before and after treatment. Serum samples were analysed for glucose, insulin, lipids, total and high-molecular-weight (HMW) adiponectin levels. Biopsies from abdominal subcutaneous adipose tissue were taken, cell size measured, mRNA and protein extracted and quantified using real-time RT-PCR and Western blot.Results Insulin sensitivity was improved after 3 weeks treatment and circulating total as well as HMW adiponectin increased in all subjects, while no effect was seen on serum lipids. In the adipose cells, gene and protein expression of IRS-1 and PPAR co-activator 1 remained unchanged, while adiponectin, adipocyte P 2, uncoupling protein 2, GLUT4 and liver X receptor- increased. Insulin-stimulated tyrosine phosphorylation and p-ser-PKB/Akt increased, while no significant effect of thiazolidinedione treatment was seen on the inflammatory status of the adipose tissue in these non-obese subjects.Conclusions/interpretation Short-term treatment with pioglitazone improved insulin sensitivity in the absence of any changes in circulating NEFA or lipid levels. Several markers of adipose cell differentiation, previously shown to be reduced in insulin resistance, were augmented, supporting the concept that insulin resistance in these individuals is associated with impaired terminal differentiation of the adipose cells.     

磺脲类药物加胰岛素联合治疗Ⅱ型糖尿病的疗效观察

对病程超过５年，年龄在４０岁以上并已用过其中一种磺脲类药物最大剂量连续３周而无效的３３例患者，随机分为磺脲类加胰岛素联合治疗组、单用胰岛素组及单用糖适平组治疗４个月，并分别于治疗前、治疗２个月末及４个月末各作１次１日４点血糖、游离胰岛素及Ｃ肽等化验检查，进行各组治疗前后及同期组间比较。结果显示，联合治疗组疗效明显优于另两组，并对患者的继发性β细胞衰竭状况有所改善。认为联合疗法可作为Ⅱ型糖尿病人从单用口服降糖药到传统胰岛素治疗的过渡方案。     

Disassociation of muscle triglyceride content and insulin sensitivity after exercise training in patients with Type 2 diabetes

Aim/hypothesis We determined the effect of exercise training on insulin sensitivity and muscle lipids (triglyceride [TG_m] and long-chain fatty acyl CoA [LCACoA] concentration) in patients with Type 2 diabetes.Methods Seven patients with Type 2 diabetes and six healthy control subjects who were matched for age, BMI, % body fat and VO₂peak participated in a 3 days per week training program for 8 weeks. Insulin sensitivity was determined pre- and post-training during a 120 min euglycaemic-hyperinsulinaemic clamp and muscle biopsies were obtained before and after each clamp. Oxidative enzyme activities [citrate synthase (CS), -hydroxy-acyl-CoA (-HAD)] and TG_m were determined from basal muscle samples pre- and post training, while total LCACoA content was measured in samples obtained before and after insulin-stimulation, pre- and post training.Results The training-induced increase in VO₂peak (~20%, p<0.01) was similar in both groups. Compared with control subjects, insulin sensitivity was lower in the diabetic patients before and after training (~60%; p<0.05), but was increased to the same extent in both groups with training (~30%; p<0.01). TG_m was increased in patients with Type 2 diabetes (170%; p<0.05) before, but was normalized to levels observed in control subjects after training. Basal LCACoA content was similar between groups and was unaltered by training. Insulin-stimulation had no detectable effect on LCACoA content. CS and -HAD activity were increased to the same extent in both groups in response to training (p<0.001).Conclusion/interpretation We conclude that the enhanced insulin sensitivity observed after short-term exercise training was associated with a marked decrease in TG_m content in patients with Type 2 diabetes. However, despite the normalization of TG_m to levels observed in healthy individuals, insulin resistance was not completely reversed in the diabetic patients.Abbreviations -HAD -hydroxy-acyl-CoA - CS citrate synthase - DAG diacylglycerol - DEXA dual energy X-ray absorptiometry - LCACoA long-chain fatty acyl CoA - PI3-kinase phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase - TG_m muscle triacylglycerol     

阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征与胰岛素抵抗的关系

目的探讨阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征（OSAHS）与胰岛素抵抗（IR）的关系。方法选男性肥胖OSAHS患者60例（肥胖OSAHS组）、非OSAHS肥胖男性60例（肥胖非OSAHS组）、体重正常非OSAHS男性60例（正常体重非OSAHS组）,计算3组受试者的腰臀比和体重指数（BMI）;观察脉搏血氧饱和度（SpO2）;测空腹血糖,用高度特异的单克隆抗体夹心放大酶联免疫分析法测真胰岛素（TI）,IR的体内稳定状态模式评估方法（HOMA-IR）评估IR;行多导睡眠图（PSG）监测,计算呼吸暂停低通气指数（AHI）。结果同样是肥胖者,肥胖OSAHS组TI、HOMA—IR高于肥胖非OSAHS组,而最低SpO2低于肥胖非OSAHS组;在非OSAHS者中,肥胖非OSAHS组TI、HOMA-IR高于正常体重非OSAHS组,而最低SpO2低于正常体重非OSAHS组。协方差分析校正年龄、BMI、腰臀比的影响后,肥胖OSAHS组的TI、HOMA-IR仍明显高于肥胖非OSAHS组和正常体重非OSAHS组,肥胖非OSAHS组的TI、HOMA—IR明显高于正常体重非OSAHS组。多元线性回归分析显示MTU、HOMA—IR均与年龄和最低SpO2呈负相关,与BMI、腰臀比、AHI呈正相关;当以TU作因变量时,腰臀比是影响肥胖OSAHS组IR的主要因素,AHI与最低SpO2是TI的独立影响因素;当以HOMA—IR作因变量时,腰臀比是其主要影响因素,AHI与最低SpO2是其独立影响因素。结论OSAHS与IR独立相关,OSAHS可能经IR这一中间途径导致心血管疾病。     

阿司匹林抵抗的研究

本文对阿司匹林抵抗的定义、临床意义、诊断、发生机理及对策研究作了较祥细的综述。对临床医生运用阿司匹林及如何处置阿司匹林抵抗有一定参考价值。